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FTAR
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To News Groups' Section! |
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More Links 1
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I have
explained everything about News Groups.How can you use a new group to
promote your business,how can ather to guide lines and still take
maximum advantage in your site's favor as well as how can you find a
relavant news group for your business and website.
Here I am listing the major catogeries of News
Groups to
make the task of finding the relavant News Group(As I shown you on the
previous page.
List of newsgroups
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a partial list of newsgroups that are significant for their
popularity or their position in Usenet history.
As of October 2002[update], there are about 100,000 Usenet newsgroups,
of which approximately a fifth are active.[citation needed] This number
varies, depending on the news server carrying the newsgroups.
* 1 The Big 8 hierarchies
o 1.1 comp
o 1.2 humanities
o 1.3 misc
o 1.4 news
o 1.5 rec
o 1.6 sci
o 1.7 soc
o 1.8 talk
* 2 The alt hierarchy
* 3 Other newsgroups
These are the most widely distributed and carefully controlled
newsgroup hierarchies. See Big 8 (Usenet) and the Great Renaming for
more information.
[edit] comp
See also: comp.* hierarchy
Computer-related topics.
[edit] humanities
Topics related to the humanities (fine arts, literature, philosophy,
Classical Latin, etc.).
[edit] misc
Miscellaneous topics.
* misc.legal.moderated — A
moderated legal forum.
* misc.taxes.moderated — A
moderated professional tax forum open to the general public.
[edit] news
Matters related to the functioning of Usenet itself.
* news.admin.net-abuse.blocklisting
—
discussion related to the use of blocklists to deal with spam and other
unwanted network traffic.
* news.admin.net-abuse.email —
discussion of abuse of email by spammers and other parties.
[edit] rec
Recreation and entertainment topics.
* rec.arts.movies.current-films
— The latest movie releases.
* rec.arts.movies.past-films —
Past films.
* rec.arts.sf.tv — Discussing
general television SF (i.e. science-fiction, or "speculative fiction").
* rec.arts.sf.tv.babylon5.moderated
—
discussion of Babylon 5 and other projects of J. Michael Straczynski.
* rec.arts.tv — The boob tube,
its history,
and past and current shows, i.e. the main television newsgroup.
* rec.arts.tv.soaps.cbs —
discussion about soap operas broadcast by the CBS television network.
* rec.arts.tv.mst3k.misc —
discussion of the TV series Mystery Science Theater 3000.
* rec.humor.oracle — Internet
humor
* rec.sport.cricket — general
discussion of world cricket.
* rec.sport.soccer — general
discussion of world football (soccer).
* rec.woodworking — general
discussion of woodworking.
[edit] sci
See also: sci.* hierarchy
Science-related topics.
[edit] soc
Discussion related to society and social subcultures.
[edit] talk
Discussion of various topics, especially controversial ones.
* talk.bizarre — a newsgroup
for experiencing the bizarre.
* talk.origins —
evolution-creationism controversy which maintains an extensive FAQ.
[edit] The alt hierarchy
See also: alt.* hierarchy
This is the most extensive newsgroup hierarchy outside of the Big 8.
* alt.2600 — Official group
for 2600: The Hacker Quarterly
* Alt.Adoption — for adoption
* alt.arts.poetry.comments —
for poetry and poetry critique
* alt.atheism — discusses
atheism
* alt.binaries.boneless
* alt.binaries.slack — artwork
created by and for the Church of the SubGenius.
* alt.callahans — Spider
Robinson's Callahan's Place online
* alt.config — creation of new
newsgroups in the alt.* hierarchy.
* alt.digitiser — discussion
of the video games magazine Digitiser.
* alt.fan — fandom discussions.
* alt.gothic — a gothic
newsgroup and birthplace of Convergence
* alt.horology This Internet newsgroup
concerns all
aspects of horology (the science of time and timekeeping, clocks and
watches). Those posting to it range from novices to collectors to
professional watchmakers & clockmakers.
* alt.religion.kibology — He
who Greps.
* alt.sex — the first alt.*
newsgroup for discussion of sexual topics.
* alt.sex.bondage — discussion
of BDSM sex.
* alt.sex.cancel — set up
specifically as a
means of defeating newsgroup spam cross-posted to the entire alt.sex
hierarchy
* alt.sex.stories — text-based
erotic stories of all types.
* alt.slack — Posting relating
to the Church of the Subgenius.
* alt.suicide.holiday —
pro-choice discussion of suicide.
* alt.sysadmin.recovery — the
Scary Devil Monastery.
* alt.tasteless — discussion
of subject matter in too poor taste to be discussed elsewhere.
* alt.tv.simpsons — discusses
the TV show The Simpsons.
* alt.usenet.kooks —
discussion of Usenet kooks and their idiosyncratic theories.
* alt.zines — discussion of
small-press publications, magazines, and pamphlets (zines).
[edit] Other newsgroups
These newsgroups fall outside of the official Big 8 hierarchies, as
well as the less formal alt hierarchy.
comp.* hierarchy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The comp.* hierarchy is a major class of newsgroups in Usenet,
containing all newsgroups whose name begins with "comp.", organized
hierarchically.
comp.* groups discuss various computer, technology, and programming
issues. Some groups can even offer peer-to-peer technical support.
[edit] Partial list of comp.* groups
Newsgroup Topic
comp.ai artificial intelligence
comp.dcom.telecom telecommunications
systems
comp.dsp Digital signal processing
comp.graphics.apps.photoshop Adobe
Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign.
comp.graphics.api.opengl OpenGL
comp.internet.services.wiki Wikis, such
as Wikipedia
comp.lang.asm.x86 assembly language for
x86-based computer systems.
comp.lang.c C programming language
comp.lang.c++ C++ programming language
comp.lang.java.help Java programming
language help
comp.lang.javascript Javascript
programming language
comp.lang.perl.misc Perl programming
language
comp.os.linux.misc Linux operating system
comp.os.minix Minix operating system
comp.programming Miscellaneous
discussion of programming
comp.robotics.misc All aspects of robots
and their applications
comp.robotics.research Academic,
government and industry research in robotics
comp.software-eng software engineering
comp.soft-sys.matlab MathWorks
calculation and visualization package
comp.sources.d any computer sources
comp.sources.wanted Requests for
software and bug fixes
comp.theory Theoretical computer science
comp.theory.cell-automata cellular
automata
comp.theory.self-org-sys
Self-organization systems
comp.theory.dynamic-sys Ergodic Theory
and Dynamical Systems
comp.theory.info-retrieval Information
Retrieval
comp.windows.x X window graphic user
interface (GUI)
comp.windows.x.kde KDE desktop
environment
Other newsgroups
These newsgroups fall outside of the official Big 8 hierarchies, as
well as the less formal alt hierarchy.
Pages in category "Newsgroups"
The following 38 pages are in this category, out of 38 total. This list
may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
* Usenet newsgroup
* List of newsgroups
A
* Alt.2600
* Alt.config
* Alt.gothic
* Alt.religion.scientology
* Alt.sex
* Alt.suicide.holiday
* Alt.tv.simpsons
* Alt.atheism
* Alt.binaries.boneless
* Alt.binaries.multimedia.slack
* Alt.binaries.slack
A cont.
* Alt.clearing.technology
* Alt.comics.lnh
* Alt.devilbunnies
* Alt.fan.warlord
* Alt.horology
* Alt.religion.kibology
* Alt.seduction.fast
* Alt.sex.cancel
* Alt.sex.robots
* Alt.sex.stories
* Alt.sex.wizards
* Alt.slack
* Alt.tasteless
A cont.
* Alt.usage.english
C
* Comp.risks
D
* Dave the Resurrector
E
* EasyNews
M
* Misc.handicap
N
* News.admin.net-abuse.email
R
* Rec.music.hip-hop
* Rec.arts.sf.tv.babylon5
* Rec.arts.sf.tv.babylon5.moderated
* Rec.humor.oracle
S
* Sci.crypt
T
* Talk.origins
Usenet newsgroup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article does not cite any
references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008)
A usenet newsgroup is a repository usually within the Usenet system,
for messages posted from many users in different locations. The term
may be confusing to some, because it is usually a discussion group.
Newsgroups are technically distinct from, but functionally similar to,
discussion forums on the World Wide Web. Newsreader software is used to
read newsgroups.
Despite the advent of file-sharing technologies such as BitTorrent, as
well as the increased use of blogs, formal discussion forums, and
social networking sites, coupled with a growing number of service
providers blocking access to Usenet (see main article) newsgroups
continue to be widely used.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Types of newsgroups
* 2 How newsgroups work
* 3 Hierarchies
o 3.1 Further hierarchies
* 4 Binary newsgroups
* 5 Moderated newsgroups
* 6 See also
* 7 External links
[edit] Types of newsgroups
Typically, the newsgroup is focused on a particular topic of interest.
Some newsgroups allow the posting of messages on a wide variety of
themes, regarding anything a member chooses to discuss as on-topic,
while others keep more strictly to their particular subject, frowning
on off-topic postings. The news admin (the administrator of a news
server) decides how long articles are kept on his server before being
expired (deleted). Different servers will have different retention
times for the same newsgroup; some may keep articles for as little as
one or two weeks, others may hold them for many months. Some admins
keep articles in local or technical newsgroups around longer than
articles in other newsgroups.
Newsgroups generally come in either of two types, binary or text. There
is no technical difference between the two, but the naming
differentiation allows users and servers with limited facilities to
minimize network bandwidth usage. Generally, Usenet conventions and
rules are enacted with the primary intention of minimizing the overall
amount of network traffic and resource usage.
Newsgroups are much like the public message boards on old bulletin
board systems. For those readers not familiar with this concept,
envision an electronic version of the corkboard in the entrance of your
local grocery store.
Newsgroups frequently become cliquish and are subject to sporadic flame
wars and trolling, but they can also be a valuable source of
information, support and friendship, bringing people who are interested
in specific subjects together from around the world.
Back when the early community was the pioneering computer society, the
common habit seen with many articles was a notice at the end disclosed
if the author was free of, or had a conflict of interest, or had any
financial motive, or axe to grind, in posting about any product or
issue. This is seen much less now, and the reader must read
skeptically, just like in society, besides all the privacy or phishing
issues.
There are currently well over 100,000 Usenet newsgroups, but only
20,000 or so of those are active.[citation needed] Newsgroups vary in
popularity, with some newsgroups only getting a few posts a month while
others get several hundred (and in a few cases a couple of thousand)
messages a day.
Weblogs have replaced some of the uses of newsgroups (especially
because, for a while, they were less prone to spamming).
A website called Deja News began archiving Usenet in the mid-1990s.
DejaNews also provided a searchable web interface. Google bought the
archive from them and made efforts to buy other Usenet archives to
attempt to create a complete archive of Usenet newsgroups and postings
from its early beginnings. Like DejaNews, Google has a web search
interface to the archive, but Google also allows newsgroup posting.
Non-Usenet newsgroups are possible and do occur, as private individuals
or organizations set up their own NNTP servers. Examples include the
newsgroups Microsoft runs to allow peer-to-peer support of their
products and those at news://news.grc.com.
[edit] How newsgroups work
Newsgroup servers are hosted by various organizations and institutions.
Most Internet service providers host their own news servers, or rent
access to one, for their subscribers. There are also a number of
companies who sell access to premium news servers.
Every host of a news server maintains agreements with other news
servers to regularly synchronize. In this way news servers form a
network. When a user posts to one news server, the message is stored
locally. That server then shares the message with the servers that are
connected to it if both carry the newsgroup, and from those servers to
servers that they are connected to, and so on. For newsgroups that are
not widely carried, sometimes a carrier group is used for crossposting
to aid distribution. This is typically only useful for groups that have
been removed or newer alt.* groups. Crossposts between hierarchies,
outside of the Big 8 and alt.* hierarchies, are failure prone.
[edit] Hierarchies
Main article: Big 8 (Usenet)
Newsgroups are often arranged into hierarchies, theoretically making it
simpler to find related groups. The term top-level hierarchy refers to
the hierarchy defined by the prefix before the first dot.
The most commonly known hierarchies is the usenet hierarchies. So for
instance newsgroup rec.arts.sf.starwars.games would be in the rec.*
top-level usenet hierarchy, where the asterisk (*) is defined as a
wildcard character. There were seven original major hierarchies of
usenet newsgroups, known as the "Big 7":
* comp.* — Discussion of
computer-related topics
* news.* — Discussion of
Usenet itself
* sci.* — Discussion of
scientific subjects
* rec.* — Discussion of
recreational activities (e.g. games and hobbies)
* soc.* — Socialising and
discussion of social issues.
* talk.* — Discussion of
contentious issues such as religion and politics.
* misc.* — Miscellaneous
discussion—anything which doesn't fit in the other
hierarchies.
These were all created in the Great Renaming of 1986–1987,
before
which all of these newsgroups were in the net.* hierarchy. At that time
there was a great controversy over what newsgroups should be allowed.
Among those that the usenet cabal (who effectively ran the Big 7 at the
time) did not allow were those concerning recipes, drugs, and sex.
This situation resulted in the creation of an alt.* (short for
"alternative") usenet hierarchy, under which these groups would be
allowed. Over time, the laxness of rules on newsgroup creation in alt.*
compared to the Big 7 meant that many new topics could, given time,
gain enough popularity to get a Big 7 newsgroup. There was a rapid
growth of alt.* as a result, and the trend continues to this day.
Because of the anarchistic nature with which the groups sprang up, some
jokingly referred to ALT standing for "Anarchists, Lunatics and
Terrorists" (a backronym).
In 1995, humanities.* was created for the discussion of the humanities
(e.g. literature, philosophy), and the Big 7 became the Big 8.
The alt.* hierarchy has discussion of all kinds of topics, and many
hierarchies for discussion specific to a particular geographical area
or in a language other than English.
Before a new Big 8 newsgroup can be created, an RFD (Request For
Discussion) must be posted into the newsgroup news.announce.newgroups,
which is then discussed in news.groups.proposals. Once the proposal has
been formalized with a name, description, charter, the Big-8 Management
Board will vote on whether to create the group. If the proposal is
approved by the Big-8 Management Board, the group is created. Groups
are removed in a similar manner.
Creating a new group in the alt.* hierarchy is not subject to the same
rules; anybody can create a newsgroup, and anybody can remove them, but
most news administrators will ignore these requests unless a local user
requests the group by name.
[edit] Further hierarchies
There are a number of newsgroup hierarchies outside of the Big 8 (and
alt.*) that can be found at many news servers. These include
non-English language groups, groups managed by companies or
organizations about their products, geographic/local hierarchies, and
even non-internet network boards routed into NNTP. Examples include
(alphabetically):
* aus.* — Australian news
groups
* ba.* — Discussion in the San
Francisco Bay area
* ca.* — Discussion in
California
* can.* — Canadian news groups
* cn.* — Chinese news groups
* chi.* — Discussions about
the Chicago area
* de.* — Discussions in German
* england.* — Discussions
(mostly) local to England, see also uk.*
* fidonet.* — Discussions
routed from FidoNet
* fr.* — Discussions in French
* fj.* — "From Japan,"
discussions in Japanese
* gnu.* — Discussions about
GNU software
* hawaii.* — Discussions
(mostly) local to Hawaii
* hp.* — Hewlett-Packard
internal news groups
* it.* — Discussions in Italian
* microsoft.* — Discussions
about Microsoft products
* pl.* — Polish news groups
* tw.* — Taiwan news groups
* uk.* — Discussions on
matters in the UK
* yale.* — Discussions
(mostly) local to Yale
Additionally, there is the free.* hierarchy, which can be considered
"more alt than alt.*". There are many local sub-hierarchies within this
hierarchy, usually for specific countries or cultures (such as
free.it.* for Italy).
[edit] Binary newsgroups
While newsgroups were not created with the intention of distributing
binary files, they have proven to be quite effective for this. Because
of the way they work, a file uploaded once will be spread and can then
be downloaded by an unlimited number of users. More useful is that
every user is drawing on the bandwidth of his or her own news server.
This means that unlike P2P technology, the user's download speed is
under his or her own control, as opposed to under the willingness of
other people to share files. In fact, this is another benefit of
newsgroups: it is usually not expected that users share. If every user
makes uploads then the servers would be flooded; thus it is acceptable
and often encouraged for users to just leech.
There were originally a number of obstacles to the transmission of
binary files over Usenet. First, Usenet was designed with the
transmission of text in mind. Consequently, for a long period of time,
it was impossible to send binary data as it was. So, a workaround,
Uuencode (and later on Base64 and yEnc), was developed which mapped the
binary data from the files to be transmitted (e.g. sound or video
files) to text characters which would survive transmission over Usenet.
At the receiver's end, the data needed to be decoded by the user's news
client. Additionally, there was a limit on the size of individual posts
such that large files could not be sent as single posts. To get around
this, Newsreaders were developed which were able to split long files
into several posts. Intelligent newsreaders at the other end could then
automatically group such split files into single files, allowing the
user to easily retrieve the file. These advances have meant that Usenet
is used to send and receive many terabytes of files per day.
There are two main issues that pose problems for transmitting binary
files over newsgroups. The first is completion rates and the other is
retention rates. The business of premium news servers is generated
primarily on their ability to offer superior completion and retention
rates, as well as their ability to offer very fast connections to
users. Completion rates are significant when users wish to download
large files that are split into pieces; if any one piece is missing, it
is impossible to successfully download and reassemble the desired file.
To work around the problem, a redundancy scheme known as PAR is
commonly used.
A number of websites exist for the purpose of keeping an index of the
files posted to binary newsgroups.
[edit] Moderated newsgroups
A moderated newsgroup has one or more individuals who must approve
articles before they are posted at large. A separate address is used
for the submission of posts and the moderators then propagate posts
which are approved for the readership. The first moderated newsgroups
appeared in 1984 under mod.* according to RFC 2235, "Hobbes' Internet
Timeline".
[edit] See also
* List of newsgroups
* alt.* hierarchy
* News client
* NNTP
* News aggregator
* Backbone cabal
* Google Groups
[edit] External links
* Usenet servers at the Open Directory
Project
* Public News Servers at the Open
Directory Project
* The Big-8 Management Board
* Alphabetical list of usenet hierarchies
* The news.newusers.questions home page
- a newsgroup for questions and answers about Usenet and the Internet
* How to Usenet - Beginner's Usenet
Newsgroup Guide
* Newsgroups Charter Directory - A
charter list to
educate and inform users about specific usenet groups and their purpose
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup"
Categories: Newsgroups
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from March 2008 | All
articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements |
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010
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alt.* hierarchy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The alt.* hierarchy is a major class of newsgroups in Usenet,
containing all newsgroups whose name begins with "alt.", organized
hierarchically. The alt.* hierarchy is not confined to newsgroups of
any specific subject or type, although in practice more formally
organized groups tend not to occur in alt. The alt.* hierarchy was
created by John Gilmore and Brian Reid.
Unlike most of the other hierarchies, there is no centralized control
of the hierarchy and anyone who is technically capable of creating a
newsgroup can do so. In practice, however, most newsgroups follow an
informal procedure involving a public discussion in alt.config before
being created. This procedure is designed to help the potential creator
better understand what factors contribute to a newsgroup's success.
It is up to each individual news administrator whether to add a new
newsgroup, and some will not do so if the group has not been discussed
in alt.config. As a result groups that do not follow this procedure are
usually not well-propagated. News group removal in theory occurs in
much the same way as newsgroup creation, however as a matter of
practice most news administrators do not remove newsgroups.
Origin
The birth of the alt.* hierarchy is tied to a drastic transformation of
the Usenet, the Great Renaming of 1987. The "backbone carriers", or the
backbone cabal as they have been referred to by some users of the
Usenet, were vital hubs in the distribution chain of most of the
newsgroup postings. Their effort to change the way newsgroups are
organized led to objections from some vocal Usenet users.
In particular, the creation of the talk.* hierarchy for discussions of
controversial or sensitive issues by the renaming did not go well. The
alt.* hierarchy was suggested as an alternative to talk.* by Brian
Reid. [1] It would be a network without the backbones, thereby free
from backbones' influences on creating or not creating a new newsgroup.
The first newsgroup on alt hierarchy was his alt.gourmand.
The prefix "alt" refers to the fact that it is a "hierarchy that is
'alternative' to the 'mainstream' (comp,misc,news, rec,soc,sci,talk)
hierarchies. The "So You Want to Create an Alt Newsgroup" FAQ repeats a
common joke that the name "alt" is an acronym for "Anarchists,
Lunatics, and Terrorists". "[2].
Alt has since become home for a wide variety of things that did not fit
elsewhere. In particular, there are many alt.fan newsgroups, mostly
devoted to discussions of the work and life of famous people: writers,
musicians, actors and athletes have alt.fan groups. This sub-hierarchy
has also been used for self-promotion by otherwise unknown people.
During the notorious trial of Karla Homolka, alt.fan.karla-homolka was
created to get around the Canadian news blackout on the case.
Two major sections of the alt.* hierarchy, the alt.sex.* and
alt.binaries.* hierarchies, have been found to fit better in the alt.*
hierarchy than the Big Seven. Because of the inevitably lurid and
sometimes offensive subjects that it would cover, newsgroup
administrators objected to the inclusion of one or more newsgroups
covering sexual topics in the Big Seven (including the existing
rec.arts.erotica), fearing that they may prevent the major news
hierarchies from being widely distributed. News administrators are free
to add any or all of the alt.sex.* newsgroups without having to worry
about conflicting with the Big Seven. Likewise, any and all of the
alt.binaries.* newsgroups can be accepted or rejected by administrators
if they choose. Binaries are often of extremely large size, which is
why administrators may choose to exclude them.
Several extensions of the alt.* hierarchy have become quite successful
on their own. A number of newsgroups have taken advantage of the
freedom of the alt.* hierarchy to create a number of newsgroups that
specialize on certain topics, as opposed to the broader "generic"
discussions of the Big Seven hierarchy. For instance, the rec.*
hierarchy may be home to the movie discussion newsgroups
rec.arts.movies.current-films, rec.arts.movies.past-films, and
rec.arts.movies.reviews; but the alt.movies.* hierarchy contains more
focused discussion groups including alt.movies.silent,
alt.movies.hitchcock, alt.movies.kubrick, and alt.movies.visual-effects.
The language of preference in the "original" Usenet hierarchies,
including alt.*, is English, which implies that the preferred character
set encoding for these newsgroups is ASCII. Other language hierarchies
have later been created in parallel to the existing English ones, for
example de.* for German, fr.* for French, etc. Some access providers
also created their own versions, prefixing the newsgroups names with
their own name in a similar way. Messages posted in these "private"
groups are generally not passed to other providers or the internet in
general.
[edit] Censorship
In June 2008, it was announced that Sprint and Verizon would be cutting
off access to the alt.* hierarchy to their subscribers, citing child
pornography as the number one reason. New York State Attorney General
Andrew Cuomo claimed his office found child porn in 88 of the 100,000
groups that exist on alt.*.[3][4][5] Verizon has not blocked alt.* from
users, they have simply stopped maintaining the alt.* hierarchy on
their own servers. Verizon subscribers can still access the alt.*
hierarchy through a third party usenet service.
Newsreader (Usenet)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from News client)
Jump to: navigation, search
The verifiability of all or part of this
article is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page.
This article or section has been tagged since October 2009.
A newsreader is an application program that reads articles on Usenet
(generally known as newsgroup), either directly from the news server's
disks or via the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP).
Newsreaders that help users to adhere to the netiquette are evaluated
by the Good Netkeeping Seal of Approval (GNKSA).
There are several different types of newsreaders, depending on the type
of service the user needs — whether intended primarily for
discussion or for downloading files posted to the alt.binaries
hierarchy. Although Usenet originally started as a message board
without any file attachment ability, many Usenet users today do not
participate in Network News Transfer Protocol discussion groups, as was
common during the 1980s and 1990s before the emergence of website
forums, and only use Newsgroups for downloading files such as music,
movies, software and games. Therefore, their needs call for a
streamlined client for quickly grabbing binary attachments, and without
the extraneous clutter of text reading and posting features for which
file downloaders have little use. As NZB files have largely replaced
the inefficient and time-consuming process of having to download
headers, many of the more recently-developed binary downloading clients
have dropped header support entirely.
Network News Transfer Protocol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from NNTP)
Jump to: navigation, search
The Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is an Internet application
protocol used for transporting Usenet news articles (netnews) between
news servers and for reading and posting articles by end user client
applications. Brian Kantor of the University of California, San Diego
and Phil Lapsley of the University of California, Berkeley authored RFC
977, the specification for the Network News Transfer Protocol, in March
1986. Other contributors included Stan O. Barber from the Baylor
College of Medicine and Erik Fair of Apple Computer.
Usenet was originally designed based on the UUCP network, with most
article transfers taking place over direct point-to-point telephone
links between news servers, which were powerful time-sharing systems.
Readers and posters logged into these computers reading the articles
directly from the local disk.
As local area networks and Internet participation proliferated, it
became desirable to allow newsreaders to be run on personal computers
connected to local networks. Because distributed file systems were not
yet widely available, a new protocol was developed based on the
client-server model. It resembled the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP), but was tailored for exchanging newsgroup articles.
A newsreader, also known as a news client, is a software application
that reads articles on Usenet, either directly from the news server's
disks or via the NNTP.
The well-known TCP port 119 is reserved for NNTP. When clients connect
to a news server with Transport Layer Security (TLS), TCP port 563 is
used. This is sometimes referred to as NNTPS.
In October 2006, the IETF released RFC 3977 which updates the NNTP
protocol and codifies many of the additions made over the years since
RFC 977.
Internet Protocol Suite
Application Layer
BGP · DHCP · DNS · FTP ·
HTTP · IMAP
· IRC · LDAP · MGCP · NNTP
· NTP
· POP · RIP · RPC · RTP
· SIP
· SMTP · SNMP · SSH ·
Telnet ·
TLS/SSL · XMPP ·
(more)
Transport Layer
TCP · UDP · DCCP · SCTP ·
RSVP · ECN ·
(more)
Internet Layer
IP (IPv4, IPv6) · ICMP · ICMPv6 · IGMP
· IPsec ·
(more)
Link Layer
ARP/InARP · NDP · OSPF · Tunnels
(L2TP) ·
PPP · Media Access Control (Ethernet, DSL, ISDN, FDDI)
·
(more)
This box: view • talk • edit
[edit] Network News Reader Protocol
During an abortive attempt to update the NNTP standard in the early
1990s, a specialized form of NNTP intended specifically for use by
clients, NNRP, was proposed. This protocol was never completed or fully
implemented, but the name persisted in InterNetNews's (INN) nnrpd
program. As a result, the subset of standard NNTP commands useful to
clients is sometimes still referred to as "NNRP".
News aggregator
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009)
This article is about news aggregation. For websites that compile
reviews, see review aggregator.
In general internet terms, a news aggregation website is a website
where headlines are collected, usually manually, by the website owner.
In computing, a feed aggregator, also known as a feed reader, news
reader, rss reader or simply aggregator, is client software or a Web
application which aggregates syndicated web content such as news
headlines, blogs, podcasts, and vlogs in a single location for easy
viewing.
Backbone cabal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The introduction to this article
provides
insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help
improve the article with a good introductory style. (December 2009)
The backbone cabal was a group of large-site administrators who pushed
through the Great Renaming of Usenet newsgroups during most of the
1980s.
Credit for organizing the backbone about 1983 is commonly attributed to
Gene "Spaf" Spafford,[1], although it is also claimed by Mark
Horton[2]. Other prominent members of the cabal were Brian Reid,
Richard Sexton, Chuq von Rospach and Rick Adams. It was created in an
effort to stabilize the Usenet propagation: While many news servers
operated during night time to save the cost of long distance
communication, servers of the backbone cabal were available 24 hours a
day.
During most of its existence, the cabal (sometimes capitalized)
steadfastly denied its own existence; those involved would often
respond "There is no Cabal" (sometimes abbreviated as "TINC"), whenever
the existence or activities of the group were speculated on in public.
It is sometimes used humorously to dispel cabal-like organizational
conspiracy theories, or as an ironic statement, indicating one who
knows the existence of "the cabal" will invariably deny there is one.
This belief became a model for various conspiracy theories about
various Cabals with dark nefarious objectives beginning with taking
over Usenet or the Internet. Spoofs include the "Eric Conspiracy" of
moustachioed hackers named "Eric"; ex-members of the P.H.I.R.M.; and
the Lumber Cartel putatively funding anti-spam efforts to support the
paper industry.
The result of this policy was an aura of mystery, even a decade after
the cabal mailing list disbanded in late 1988 following an internal
fight.[3]
As Usenet has few technologically or legally enforced hierarchies, just
about the only ones that formed were social hierarchies. People exerted
power through force of will (often via intimidating flames), garnering
authority and respect by spending much time and effort contributing to
the community (by being a maintainer of a FAQ, for example; see also
Kibo, etc.).
Google Groups
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Google Groups Google groups logo.png
Google Groups screenshot
Google Groups screenshot
Developer(s) Google
Written in Python[dubious –
discuss]
Operating system Cross-platform
(web-based application)
Type Newsgroups
electronic mailing lists
Website groups.google.com
Google Groups is a service from Google Inc. that supports discussion
groups, including many Usenet newsgroups, based on common interests.
Membership in Google Groups is free of charge and many groups are
anonymous. Users can find discussion groups related to their interests
and participate in threaded conversations, either through a web
interface or by e-mail. They can also start new groups.[1] Google
Groups also includes an archive of Usenet newsgroup postings dating
back to 1981[2] and supports reading and posting to Usenet groups.[3]
Users can also set up mailing list archives for e-mail lists that are
hosted elsewhere.[4]
History
In February 2001, Google acquired Deja News, which provided a search
engine to access an archive of Usenet newsgroup articles.[5] Users were
then able to access these Usenet newsgroups through the new Google
Groups interface. By the end of 2001 the archive had been supplemented
with other archived messages dating back to 11 May 1981.[6][7][8] These
early posts from 1981-1991 were donated to Google by the University of
Western Ontario, based on archives by Henry Spencer from the University
of Toronto.[9] Shortly after, Google released a new version, which
allowed users to create their own (non-Usenet) groups.
In February 2006, Google modified the interface of Google Groups,
adding profiles and post ratings.
Sometime around 2008 or 2009 Google also began removing and censoring
entire Usenet groups in the alt.* category.[citation needed]
[edit] Kinds of groups hosted by Google
Google provides two distinct kinds of groups: traditional Usenet
groups, and non-Usenet groups that are more similar to mailing lists.
The latter type is accessible only by web or by e-mail, not by NNTP.
The Google Groups user interface and help messages do not use a
distinct name for mailing-list style groups, referring to both styles
of group as "Google Groups."[10]
Google recognizes the X-No-Archive header and displays messages
containing it for only seven days, after which the article becomes no
longer available to the public. Google also recognizes the "-- " Usenet
signature delimiter, and removes the significant space at the end
(thus, proper Usenet signatures can't be added to articles posted via
Google Groups).
[edit] Notable interface features
Groups search
Google Search incorporates public groups
into its
results. Searches return the posts which most match the search query,
and if any groups match, they will be displayed at the top of the
results with a link to the Google Groups directory.
Profiles
Users may create public profiles which
are linked from all of their posts.
Rating posts
A user can rate a post with 1 to 5 out
of 5 stars. A
post's rating is based on the average of all the user ratings it gets,
and a thread's rating is based on the average rating of all the posts
in the thread. Users may not rate their own posts.
Starring threads
Users may mark up to 200 threads as
"starred" to track them centrally.
E-mail masking
To prevent scammers or spammers from
harvesting
e-mail addresses from a group, Google masks all e-mail addresses on its
web interface by replacing up to the last 3 characters of the username
with no less than three dots. To view the full e-mail address, a user
must respond to a CAPTCHA challenge. E-mail addresses are only masked
when viewing a Google Group or Usenet newsgroup through the web
interface, never when subscribers receive messages by e-mail, nor when
the Usenet articles are distributed to other servers. Google Groups
does not allow users to obfuscate their own e-mail addresses.
Group web pages
The group pages were introduced in the
beta version
of October 5, 2006 (promoted from beta status on January 24, 2007).
They can be edited by group members or group managers and can store
files for download. Versions of pages are kept in a similar way to a
Wiki. On September 22, 2010 Google announced plans for turning off the
group pages suggesting users to move their content to Google Docs or
Google Sites. Starting in November 2010, the group pages will become
read-only (allowing only viewing/downloading existing content) while in
February 2011 they will be turned off completely.[11]
[edit] Official Google Groups
Google has created several official help groups for some of its
services, such as Gmail. In these groups, users can ask and answer
questions about the relevant Google service. Each official group has a
Google representative who occasionally responds to queries. Google
representatives always have a blue G symbol in their nicknames.
Some official groups include:
* Google Groups Help Forum: was an
official Google
Groups help group until August 2, 2010, when it was archived (made
read-only).[12]
* Google Page Creator Discussion Group:
an official Google Page Creator help group.
Google also uses Google Groups to host their Google Friends and Google
Page Creator Updates mailing lists, which are announcement-only groups
where only moderators can post.
There are also help forums, which appear to have different
functionality from Google Groups:
* Gmail Help Forum: an official Gmail
help forum.
* Google Talk Help Forum: an official
Google Talk help forum.
* Google Base Help Forum: an official
Google Base help forum.
* Google Web Search Help Forum: an
official Google search help forum.
* Google Webmaster Help Forum: an
official help forum for webmasters.
* AdWords Help Forum: an official Google
AdWords help forum.
* Google Maps Forum: an official Google
Maps help forum.
[edit] Criticism
The late Lee Rizor, also known as "Blinky the Shark," started the
Usenet Improvement Project, a project which is highly critical of
Google Groups and its users. The project aims to "make Usenet
participation a better experience." They have accused Google Groups of
turning a blind eye to an "increasing wave of spam" from its servers
and of encouraging an Eternal September of "lusers" and "lamers"
arriving in established groups en masse. The Usenet Improvement Project
provides several killfile examples to block messages posted by Google
Groups users in several newsreaders.[13]
On 16 October 2003, John Wiley & Sons sent a letter to Google
after
discovering that copyrighted text from a book they published was made
available for download on a Google group.[14]
Slashdot and Wired contributors have criticized Google for its
inattention to a search engine for Google Groups, leaving many older
postings virtually inaccessible.[15][16][17]
[edit] Outages
Question book-new.svg
This section needs references that
appear in
reliable third-party publications. Primary sources or sources
affiliated with the subject are generally not sufficient for a
Wikipedia article. Please add more appropriate citations from reliable
sources. (September 2009)
For about one week starting August 19, 2009, Google Groups did not send
new articles to moderation for moderated Usenet groups such as
comp.lang.c++.moderated, causing a severe reduction of traffic in those
groups. A second such outage occurred from September 16–23,
2009.
A Google representative acknowledged the problem on September 22, 2009
in a posting to the Google help forums.[18]
Since November 24, 2009, outages still persist on Google Groups. Pages
are being lost the moment they are published and e-mail notifications
are yielding broken links. Even though the "Is Something Broken"
support forum is full of complaints, Google has not acknowledged or
acted to fix the problem.
[edit] Blocking
Google Groups has been blocked in Turkey since April 10, 2008 by the
order of a court in Turkey.[19] According to The Guardian, the court
banned Google Groups following a libel complaint by Adnan Oktar against
the service. Google Groups was the first of several websites to be
blocked by the Turkish Government in rapid succession solely for
including material which allegedly offended Islam.[20]
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